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25 de ani de la cel mai grav accident nuclear din istorie

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Astazi se implinesc 25 de ani de la cel mai grav accident nuclear din istoria omenirii, ce a aratat riscurile si urmarile catastrofale pe care le poate avea un incident la o centrala atomoelectrica.

La 26 aprilie 1986 la 01:23 noaptea, la Centrala Nucleara de la Cernobil a avut loc o explozie, urmata de contaminarea radioactiva a zonei inconjuratoare. Un nor de precipitatii radioactive s-a indreptat spre partile vestice ale Uniunii Sovietice, Europei si partile estice ale Americii de Nord. Suprafete mari din Ucraina, Belarus si Rusia au fost puternic contaminate, fiind evacuate aproximativ 336.000 de persoane. Circa 60% din precipitatiile radioactive au cazut in Belarus, conform datelor post-sovietice oficiale.

Numarul real al victimelor accidentului nu sunt cunoscute nici astazi, la un sfert de secol de la catastrofa, in mare parte din cauza secretizarii datelor. Autoritatile sovietice au interzis in acea perioada medicilor citarea „radiatie” din certificatele de deces.
Raportul Forului Cernobil din anul 2005, condus de Agentia Internationala pentru Energie Atomica (AIEA) si Organizatia Mondiala a Sanatatii (OMS), a atribuit 56 de decese directe (47 de lucratori si 9 copii cu cancer tiroidian) si a estimat ca mai mult de 9.000 de persoane dintre cele aproximativ 6,6 de milioane foarte expuse pot muri din cauza unei forme de cancer. Raportul a citat 4.000 de cazuri de cancer tiroidian intre copiii diagnosticati in 2002.

Explozie in timpul unui test

Centrala a fost compusa din patru reactoare de tip RBMK-1000, fiecare capabil de producere a 1 GW de putere electrica. Construirea centralei a inceput in anii 1970 cu reactoarele 1 (care a fost inchis in anul 1977), 2, 3 si 4. Doua alte reactoare (5 si 6) erau in timpul constructiei cand a avut loc accidentul.

In noaptea de sambata, 26 aprilie 1986, la 01:23:58 am, reactorul 4 a suferit o explozie catastrofala a vaporilor de apa, care a declansat un incendiu, o serie de explozii aditionale si fluidizare nucleara.

Cu o zi inainte, reactorul 4 a fost programat pentru fi inchis pentru intretinere. S-a decis folosirea acelei ocazii ca o oportunitate pentru controlarea capacitatii generatorului turbinei de a produce putere electrica suficienta pentru alimentarea sistemelor de siguranta ale reactorului (mai ales pompele de apa) dupa pierderea puterii externe.

Ucraina construieste un nou sarcofag

Orasul Cernobil a fost parasit in anul 1986 din cauza calamitatii nucleare de la Centrala Atomoelectrica Cernobil, care se afla la 14,5 km spre nord-vest de localitate. Centrala electrica a fost denumita dupa oras si s-a aflat in raionul Cernobil, iar localitatea si centrala n-au fost conectate direct. In timpul construirii centralei, un oras denumit Pripiat a fost construit pentru lucratori.

Reactorul 4 a fost acoperit de un sarcofag, insa autoritatile ucrainiene au inceput construirea unuia nou.
Structura noului proiect, care ar urma sa functioneze 100 de ani, are forma unui arc, cu inaltimea de 108 metri si lungimea de 150 de metri, urmand sa acopere sarcofagul actual.

Constructia va include unitati de decontaminare, sanitare, ateliere de lucru si alte facilitati. Noul sarcogaf va fi, de asemenea, echipat cu sisteme moderne impotriva radiatiilor.

Raluca Petrescu

Cititi si:

Ucraina construieste un nou sarcofag pentru centrala de la Cernobil